CLAUSE II What is Clause ?

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1.What is clause ?

Ans : 

A clause is a part of a larger sentence which contains a subject and a finite verb. A sentence may contain one (simple) or more clauses .

A clause is actually a sentence within a sentence .It means that it contains  all the attributes of a sentence -the subject ,the finite verb and predicate.

Clauses can be broadly divided into three main groups.

They are -

1.Main Clause /Principal Clause

 স্বাধীন

2.Sub-Clause  /Subordinate Clause

অধীন

A. Noun Clause /Nominal Clause.

B. Adjective Clause /Relative Clause 

C. Adverbial Clause .

3.Co-ordinating Clause/Coordinate Clause

সংযুক্ত  স্বাধীন

Example :1.   Megha knows that  Ram can do it .

Main Clause  :  Megha knows.

Subordinate :  that  Ram can do it .

Example :2.  I knew that he would come .

Main Clause  : I knew .

Subordinate  : that he would come .

Example :3.  When he came  I went out .

Main Clause  :I went out .

Subordinate  :When he came  

Example  4. When the headmaster arrived , the meeting began .

Main Clause : The meeting began .

Subordinate  :When  the headmaster arrived .

Example : 3. He would come and I knew it 

Coordinate Clause

1.Main Clause /Principal Clause 

A principal clause is an independent clause .These clauses make a meaning of their own .We see this clause in complex sentence .This clause does not need any linker like relative pronoun .

 a. This is the house that Ram built.

 b. I know the man who calls him .

 c. I know that the boy is honest .

 d. This is the boy who did it .

 e. I will let you know when I shall start.

 f. He was honest although he was poor .

 g. He will come so that he may see me 

2.Sub-clause/Subordinate Clause.

A subordinate clause, also known as a subclause, is a group of words that has a subject and a verb but cannot stand alone as a complete sentence. It depends on the main clause to make sense.

Subclause can be broadly divided into three main groups.They are ___

A. Noun Clause /Nominal Clause.

B. Adjective Clause /Relative Clause 

C. Adverbial Clause .

A. Noun Clause /Nominal Clause.

A noun clause is a type of dependent clause that functions as a noun within a sentence. Unlike a simple noun or pronoun, a noun clause can perform various roles typically assigned to nouns, such as serving as the subject or object of a verb, or as the object of a preposition.(A noun clause plays all the function of a noun .)

I. SUBJECT OF A VERB

1. What he said is true.

2.That he is a fool is well-known.

3.That he is honest is known to me.

4.When he will come is uncertain.

5.How he went there is known to all.

II. OBJECT OF A VERB

1. She said that she would help.

2. I know that he is honest.

3. I know what he will do.

4. Show me where you have kept the ball

III .APPOSITIVE

 1.  The question, whether he will agree, is not answered

 2. The news, that he told, shocked me.

 3. Your belief, that he will come ,is false

iv. COMPLEMENT OF VERB 

  1. This is what we expected .

  2. The question is when he will do it .

  3. The truth is what we think to be true .

  4. The problem is whether we need it .

V.COMPLEMENT TO AN ADJECTIVE

1. I am glad that you liked it.

 2. I am sure that things will improve.

3. I am afraid that she will be angry.

VI.

 

PREPOSITIONAL COMPLEMENT

1. She is happy at what you said 

2.  You can depend on what he says 

3. There is no meaning in what you said.  

4. Listen to what I say.

B. Relative clause/Adjective Clause:

A relative clause, also known as an adjective clause, is a type of dependent clause that functions as an adjective within a sentence. It provides additional information about a noun, typically specifying which one or adding details to make the noun more specific. 

Relative clauses are usually linked to the main clauses by a relative pronoun which points back to a noun in the main clause.

Function of Relative clause

1.  Subject –

(living/প্রাণীবাচক----Who),

(Non-living /অপ্রাণীবাচক–----------Which /that), (living/ Non-living/প্রাণীবাচক ও অপ্রাণীবাচক------ that)

Example -The man who came here is my friend.

2. Object-

(living/প্রাণীবাচক------Whom),

 (Non-living/অপ্রাণীবাচক--- –Which /that),

(living/ Non-living/প্রাণীবাচক ও অপ্রাণীবাচক----- that)

Example –The man whom you know is my friend.

3. Possessive-

(living/প্রাণীবাচক----Whose),

(Non-living/অপ্রাণীবাচক--- –of which),

 Example –The girl whose father is a doctor came here.

*Adverbial Clauses :

Adverbial clauses are clauses which do the work of an adverb .It means that such clauses add to the meaning of verbs .

Function Of Adverbial Clause        

Time :

Linking Words: When ,While, before, after, ere, until, since.

Example :She waited until the train arrived.

Shimpa ran away when she saw Bristi .

Place:

Linking Words:  Where, Wherever, Whence

Example :Where there is smoke ,there is fire.

Cause /reason:

Linking Words : as  ,because ,since ,that,

 Example : Shimpa ran away because she saw Bristi 

Result:

Linking Words: so…that, that, such…that

Purpose :

 Linking Words :That ,in order that, so that, lest.

Comparison:

Linking Words  : as…as, so…as, such….as,  than

 Condition:

Linking Words  : unless, if, in case ,whether ,on condition  ,provided ,supposing that.

Contrast :

Linking Words  :though, although.

Extent :

Linking Words  :as far as,so far as,so…as

Manner:

Linking Words  :as ,as if.

Concession:

Linking Words  : Whoever, whatever, whichever, however, whether, even if.

3.Coordinating Clause 

When two independent clauses are linked together by conjunctions like and ,but ,or, etc., we call them coordinating clauses.

1.Bristi plays the guitar and Soumi plays the piano.

2.Shimpa draws the picture and Pallabi also draws the picture .

3.He saw the boy but he could not recognize.

4.Tanu found his key and ( she ) opened the door .

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Examination 

Identify the Clause 

Identify the clause -2